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1.
Einstein (Sao Paulo) ; 16(3): eRW4175, 2018 Sep 17.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30231147

ABSTRACT

The manufacturing process for biological products is complex, expensive and critical to the final product, with an impact on their efficacy and safety. They have been increasingly used to treat several diseases, and account for approximately 50% of the yearly budget for the Brazilian public health system. As the patents of biological products expire, several biosimilars are developed. However, there are concerns regarding their efficacy and safety; therefore, the regulatory agencies establish rules to approve and monitor these products. In Brazil, partnership programs between national government-owned companies and private technology holders have been implemented, aiming at knowledge sharing, capacity-building and technological transfer. Such partnerships locally promote manufacturing of these strategic drugs at reduced costs to the public health system. These agreements offer mutual advantages to both the government and patent holders: for the former, a biotechnological development flow is established and enables potential cost reduction and self-sufficient production; whereas for the latter, exclusive sales of the product are ensured during technological transfer, for a fixed period.


Subject(s)
Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals/standards , Public-Private Sector Partnerships/trends , Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals/economics , Brazil , Drug Approval/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , Patents as Topic , Technology, Pharmaceutical/statistics & numerical data , Technology, Pharmaceutical/trends
2.
Einstein (Säo Paulo) ; 16(3): eRW4175, 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-953180

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The manufacturing process for biological products is complex, expensive and critical to the final product, with an impact on their efficacy and safety. They have been increasingly used to treat several diseases, and account for approximately 50% of the yearly budget for the Brazilian public health system. As the patents of biological products expire, several biosimilars are developed. However, there are concerns regarding their efficacy and safety; therefore, the regulatory agencies establish rules to approve and monitor these products. In Brazil, partnership programs between national government-owned companies and private technology holders have been implemented, aiming at knowledge sharing, capacity-building and technological transfer. Such partnerships locally promote manufacturing of these strategic drugs at reduced costs to the public health system. These agreements offer mutual advantages to both the government and patent holders: for the former, a biotechnological development flow is established and enables potential cost reduction and self-sufficient production; whereas for the latter, exclusive sales of the product are ensured during technological transfer, for a fixed period.


RESUMO O processo de manufatura de produtos biológicos é complexo, oneroso e crítico para o produto final, com impacto em sua eficácia e segurança. Seu uso está sendo cada vez mais ampliado no tratamento de diversas doenças, e cerca de 50% do orçamento anual do sistema de saúde público brasileiro é consumido por tais produtos. Com o término da proteção de patentes de produtos biológicos diversos, estão sendo desenvolvidos os biossimilares. Porém, há preocupações relacionadas com sua eficácia e segurança, fazendo com que os órgãos reguladores criem regulamentações para sua aprovação e monitoramento. No Brasil, estão sendo implantados programas de parceria entre laboratórios públicos nacionais e laboratórios detentores de tecnologia, objetivando a obtenção de conhecimento, capacitação profissional e transferência desta tecnologia. Tais parcerias visam à produção local destes medicamentos estratégicos a um custo reduzido para o Sistema Único de Saúde. Os acordos oferecem vantagens mútuas para o governo e o laboratório detentor da patente do produto biológico: ao primeiro, estabelece-se um fluxo de desenvolvimento biotecnológico, que possibilita potencial redução de custos e autossuficiência na produção, enquanto ao segundo garante-se a exclusividade da venda do produto durante a transferência da tecnologia por um prazo estabelecido.


Subject(s)
Humans , Public-Private Sector Partnerships/trends , Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals/standards , Patents as Topic , Brazil , Technology, Pharmaceutical/trends , Technology, Pharmaceutical/statistics & numerical data , Drug Approval/legislation & jurisprudence , Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals/economics
3.
J. bras. patol. med. lab ; 45(5): 395-400, out. 2009. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-536891

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The adult granulosa cell tumors (AGCT) correspond to less than 5 percent of ovarian neoplasias. They are considered low malignant potential tumors and may recur after many years. The differential diagnosis must be made with other primary or metastatic ovarian neoplasias. The aim was to analyze clinical and pathological aspects of AGCT and relate them to its evolution. METHOD: in a 10- year (1995-2004) review of the files from University of Campinas Clinical Hospital, Brazil, 20 AGCT cases were found. The clinical records and slides were reviewed and age, symptoms, macro and microscopic aspects, diagnostic staging and recurrence were considered. When there was intraoperative biopsy, its accuracy was evaluated. RESULTS: Age ranged from 27 to 79 years (mean: 53) and the follow-up from 12 to 96 months (mean: 42). The main symptoms were post-menopause bleeding (45 percent), abdominal pain (35 percent) and palpable mass (25 percent). Most tumors were yellowish (60 percent) and the solid aspect (40 percent) was more common than the cystic or solid-cystic. The histological patterns were 40 percent solid, 15 percent macrofollicular and 45 percent combined forms. All of them with low mitotic index. Only three out of nine intraoperative frozen sections were accurately diagnosed. The clinical staging was 13 cases in Ia (65 percent), one case Ic and 6 IIIc. In three out of 14 hysterectomies there was simple endometrial hyperplasia with no atypia. Only the disease staging was significantly associated with recurrence (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: ACGT generally occurs after menopause and intraoperative biopsies are commonly inconclusive. Only advanced staging was related to the worst prognosis.


INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVO: O tumor de células da granulosa tipo adulto (TCGA) corresponde a menos de 5 por cento das neoplasias ovarianas. São de baixo potencial de malignidade, podem recorrer depois de muitos anos, e o diferencial deve ser feito com outras neoplasias primárias ou metastáticas. Analisamos os aspectos clínicos e patológicos do tumor, relacionando-os à evolução. MÉTODOS: Na revisão de 10 anos dos arquivos do laboratório de Anatomia Patológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), 20 casos de TCGA foram encontrados. Os prontuários e as lâminas foram revisados e considerados: idade, sintomas, aspectos macro e microscópicos, estádio ao diagnóstico e à recidiva. Quando houve biópsia intraoperatória, sua acurácia foi avaliada. RESULTADOS: A idade variou de 27 a 79 anos (média: 53); o seguimento de 12 a 96 meses (média: 42). Os sintomas principais: sangramento pós-menopausa (45 por cento), dor abdominal (35 por cento) e massa palpável (25 por cento). A maioria era amarelada (60 por cento), o aspecto sólido mais comum (40 por cento) que o cístico ou sólido-cístico. Os padrões histológicos foram: 40 por cento sólido, 15 por cento macrofolicular e 45 por cento de formas combinadas, todos com baixo índice mitótico. Apenas três de nove casos submetidos à biópsia intraoperatória foram diagnosticados corretamente. O estádio clínico foi: 13 casos Ia (65 por cento), um caso Ic e seis, IIIc. Em três de 14 histerectomias analisadas, havia hiperplasia endometrial simples sem atipia. Apenas o estádio da doença foi significativamente associado à recidiva (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: TCGA geralmente ocorre após a menopausa, as biópsias intraoperatórias são mais comumente inconclusivas e apenas o estádio avançado esteve relacionado com o pior prognóstico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis , Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology , Ovary/pathology , Granulosa Cell Tumor/diagnosis , Granulosa Cell Tumor/pathology , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies
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